集总电池部分的过电位是如何定义的，过电位参数消失了！

你的指令与当前 Windows 10 文章内容不相关。集总电池部分的过电位在电池领域是重要概念，它是指电池在实际工作过程中，由于各种因素导致其实际工作电位偏离平衡电位的差值。下面我从不同角度详细阐述它的定义及相关内容。

过电位可以从热力学和动力学两个层面来理解。从热力学角度，电池的平衡电位是在可逆条件下（即电池反应在无限缓慢、没有电流通过的情况下）所具有的电位，可由能斯特方程计算得出。而实际电池在充放电过程中，必然会有电流通过，此时电池的工作电位与平衡电位存在差异，这个差异就是过电位。例如，在放电过程中，电池的实际工作电位低于平衡电位；在充电过程中，实际工作电位则高于平衡电位 。

从动力学角度，过电位产生的原因主要涉及电极反应过程中的各种阻力。比如，电荷转移过程中存在电荷转移电阻，会导致电荷转移过电位；反应物和产物在电极表面与溶液本体之间的传质过程存在阻碍，由此产生浓差过电位。以氢氧燃料电池为例，氢气在负极发生氧化反应时，电子从氢气转移到电极上需要克服一定的能量障碍，从而产生电荷转移过电位；同时，氢气从溶液本体扩散到电极表面的速度如果跟不上反应消耗的速度，就会造成电极表面氢气浓度降低，形成浓差过电位 。

在数学表达上，过电位（$\eta$）通常定义为电池的平衡电位（$E_{eq}$）与实际工作电位（$E_{cell}$）之差，即 $\eta =|E_{eq}-E_{cell}|$。在放电时，${\eta }_{discharge}=E_{eq}-E_{cell}$；在充电时，${\eta }_{charge}=E_{cell}-E_{eq}$ 。

如果你还想了解过电位的测量方法、影响因素，或是它在不同电池体系中的具体表现，欢迎继续向我提问。

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